| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Hamidieh soldier ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Hamidiye (cavalry)
The ''Hamidiye'' corps (literally meaning "belonging to Hamid",〔Balakian. ''Burning Tigris'', p. 44.〕 full official name ''Hamidiye hafif süvari alayları'', Hamidiye light cavalry regiments) were well-armed, irregular Sunni Kurdish, Turkish,〔Palmer, Alan, ''Verfall und Untergang des Osmanischen Reiches'', Heyne, München 1994 (engl. Original: London 1992), pp. 249, 258, 389. ISBN 3-453-11768-9.〕〔Van Bruinessen, Martin. (''Agha, Shaikh and State - The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan'' ). London: Zed Books, 1992, p. 185. Van Bruinessen mentions the "occasional" recruiting of a Turkish tribe (the Qarapapakh)〕 Turkmen〔Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246.〕 and Yörük,〔Öhrig, Bruno, ''Meinungen und Materialien zur Geschichte der Karakeçili Anatoliens'', in: Matthias S. Laubscher (Ed.), Münchener Ethnologische Abhandlungen, 20, Akademischer Verlag, München 1998 (Edition Anacon), zugleich Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München, München 1996, p. 36, ISBN 3-932965-10-8. U. a. mit Verweis auf Ş. Beysanoğlu, ''Ziya Gökalp´in İlk Yazı Hayatı - 1894-1909'' (Gökalp's First Writing Life, 1894-1909 ), Istanbul 1956, pp. 164-168.〕〔Vgl. deutschsprachige Wikipedia, Artikel "Yörük", Abschnitt "(Herkunft und Einwanderung nach Kleinasien )", Versions-ID 31139363〕 also Arab cavalry formations that operated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Established by and named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1891, they were intended to be modeled after the Russian Cossacks and were supposedly tasked to patrol the Russo-Ottoman frontier. However, the ''Hamidiye'' were more often used by the Ottoman authorities to harass and assault Armenians living in Turkish Armenia.〔Hovannisian, Richard G. "The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century''. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 217. ISBN 0-312-10168-6.〕
A major role in the Armenian massacres of 1894-96 has been often ascribed to the ''Hamidiye'' regiments, particularly during the bloody suppression of the revolt of the Armenians of Sasun (1894), but recent research contends that the ''Hamidiye'' played a less important role than previously assumed.〔(Verheij, Jelle (1998). Les Frères de terre et d'eau: sur le role des Kurdes dans les massacres arméniens de 1894-1896, in: Bruinessen, M. van & Blau, Joyce, eds., Islam des Kurdes (special issue of ''Cahiers de l'Autre Islam'' )〕
== Historical background ==
Abdul Hamid II's reign has the reputation of being “the most despotic and centralized era in modern Ottoman History.” 〔Stephen Duguid, The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy of Eastern Anatolia, 139〕 Abdul Hamid is also considered the last sultan to have full control over Ottoman Empire. His reign struggled with the culmination of 75 years of change throughout the empire and an opposing reaction to that change.〔 Abdul Hamid II was particularly concerned with the centralization of the empire.〔Dr. Bayram Kodaman, The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments (Abdullmacid II and Eastern Anatolian Tribes)〕 His efforts to centralize the Sublime Porte were not unheard of among other sultans. The Ottoman Empire’s local provinces had more control over their areas than the central government. Abdul Hamid II's foreign relations came from a “policy of non-commitment." 〔M.Sükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, 129.〕 The sultan understood the fragility of the Ottoman military, and the Empire’s weaknesses of its domestic control.〔 Pan-Islamism became Abdülhamid’s solution to the empire’s loss of identity and power.〔M.Sükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, 130.〕 His efforts to promote Pan-Islamism were for the most part unsuccessful because of the large non-Muslim population, and the European influence onto the empire.〔Dr. Bayram Kodaman, The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments (Abdullmacid II and Eastern Anatolian Tribes)〕 Abdul Hamid II's policies essentially isolated the Ottoman Empire, which further aided in its decline. Several of the elite who sought a new constitution and reform for the empire were forced to flee to Europe.〔 After the Treaty of Berlin (1878), the Ottoman Empire began to contract and it lost certain territories. New groups of radicals began to threaten the power of the Ottoman Empire.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Hamidiye (cavalry)」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|